Class Notes - Editing and Representation

What is transition of image and sound?

A transition of sound is used to maintain the flow between two scenes and this is usually done by removing all background music from the scene and perhaps inserting music and fading it into the two merged scenes. 

A transition of image is used when moving between two scenes and is usually faded out. There are many ways to do this depending on the atmosphere during the scenes. 

Why is editing so important?

Editing is important in filming as it helps the gentle and desecrate transition between shots and scenes become more perfect and less harsh. It can also benefit the actor/actress as if they don't get their lines correct then it can be cut out or shot again and merge in with the previous scene instead of having to shoot it all in one go. The differentiation between scenes can be obvious but gentle like going dead black at the end of one scene and fading from black in the second scene. 

DEFINITIONS

SHORT/REVERSE SHOT

This is a film technique where one character is shown looking at another character (often off- screen), and then the other character is shown looking back at the first character.

EYELINE MATCH

When a character looks into off-screen space the spectator expects to see what he or she is looking at thus there will be a cut to show what is being looked at.

GRAPHIC MATCH

This is useful in relating two disconnected scenes or helping to establish a relationship between two scenes. It usually contains the shot of the first scene containing the same composition (size, shape etc) as the beginning frame of the next shot therefore creating a smooth transition. 

ACTION MATCH

This is an editing technique used in continuity editing that cuts two alternate views of the same action together at the same moment in the move in order to make it seem uninterrupted.

JUMP CUT

An abrupt transition from one scene to another.

CROSSCUTTING

Cross-cutting is what you do after you've created a series of scenes or sequences, and you re-order them to create a drama that goes forwards and backwards in time.

The Graduate- A cross-cutting Example from Good Great Grand on Vimeo.

PARALLEL EDITING

This is the technique of alternating two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but in different locations.

CUTAWAY

A cutaway shot is the interruption of a continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else.

INSERT

In film, an insert is a shot of part of a scene as filmed from a different angle and/or focal length from the master shot. Inserts cover action already covered in the master shot, but emphasize a different aspect of that action due to the different framing.

DISSOLVE

A dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another.

CUT

The point at which one shot ends and the next begins and is usually made by splicing two pieces of film together and is quite abrupt.

FADE-IN, FADE-OUT

A type of transition used in visual media, in which the transition is at first black, fading to a visual image.

WIPE
A wipe is a type of film transition where one shot replaces another by travelling from one side of the frame to another or with a special shape.

SUPERIMPOSITION

Superimposition refers to the process by which frames are overlapped, either mechanically or digitally, in order to achieve a layered transition.

LONG TAKE, SHORT TAKE

 A long take is an uninterrupted shot lasting a few minutes which is longer than most of the other shots in the film. A short take is a shot which lasts a smaller amounts of time than most shots in the film, usually a second or two at the most.

LONG TAKE - 


SHORT TAKE - 

SLOW MOTION

This is the action that has been photographed is made to appear to occur slower than it actually occurred.

ELLIPSIS AND EXPANSION OF TIME

An ellipsis is when the action in a film is shown in a way that makes it take less time than in the actual story. Expansion of time is the opposite of this in that it shows the action in such a way that it takes more time than the actual story. This is sometimes achieved by shots from previous scenes being reshown. 

 
ELLIPSIS EXAMPLE -  


EXPANSION OF TIME EXAMPLE - 

POST PRODUCTION

Post-production refers to the tasks that must be completed or executed after the filming or shooting ends. This includes tasks such as the editing of raw footage to cut scenes, insert transition effects, working with voice and sound actors, and dubbing, to name a few of the many pre-production tasks. Post-production is the third and final step in film creation.

VISUAL EFFECTS

Usually a special effect that is added to a film or video in post-production, as computer-generated imagery. Visual effects, this is done on computers after being shot meanwhile special effects are usually done on set.